The brain-disordered defendant: neuroscience and legal insanity in the twenty-first century.

Introduction.......................................................................................... 52 I. Frontal Lobe Brain Dysfunction (“FLD”) and Criminality......... 54 A. Causes and Symptoms of FLD................................................ 57 B. The Role of FLD in Criminal Behavior ................................. 67 II. Admissibility of FLD Evidence...................................................... 75 III. Modern Neuroscience and Legal Insanity................................... 78 A. The History of Insanity Standards in American Jurisprudence.......................................................................... 78 B. A Proposal to Revive Control Tests for Insanity.................... 85 C. Why Control Tests for Insanity are Needed........................... 89 1. Existing Cognitive Tests are Insufficient .......................... 90 a. The Possibility of More Expansive Cognitive Tests.... 93 2. Impulse Control Disorders Exist and Can Be Assessed ... 98 3. Control Tests for Insanity Do Not Threaten the Law’s Free-Will Assumption ......................................................111 Conclusion ...........................................................................................117 Appendix A. Forensic Assessment of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction (FLD)....................................................................................................119 Appendix B. States Having Control Tests for Insanity......................123